Stromal cells are the supportive cells of a tissue microenvironment that contribute to structure, matrix maintenance, signaling, vascular support, and regulation of repair responses. In regenerative and reparative therapies, the term is often important because therapeutic benefit may arise less from direct tissue replacement and more from stromal signaling, trophic support, immunomodulation, or orchestration of local healing processes. The exact meaning may vary by tissue and specialty, so it is useful to specify whether stromal is being used anatomically, functionally, or as part of a product designation. It is not synonymous with all non-parenchymal cells, and it should not be treated as automatically equivalent to mesenchymal stem cells or to a single standardized therapeutic identity.
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